Other differences and similarities among the Southern Athabaskan languages can be observed in the following modified and abbreviated Swadesh list: Advertizing ▼Southern Athabaskan languages generally have a consonant inventory similar to the set of 33 consonants below (based mostly on Western Apache):Get XML access to reach the best products.The practical orthography corresponds to the pronunciation of the Southern Athabaskan languages fairly well (as opposed to the writing systems of English or Vietnamese).
It has been proposed by some to be an isolated branch of Chilcotin.The traditional reconstruction of the Proto-Athabaskan sound system consists of 45 consonants (Cook 1981; Krauss & Golla 1981; Krauss & Leer 1981; Cook & Rice 1989), as detailed in the following table.The internal structure of the Athabaskan language family is complex, and its exact shape is still a hotly debated issue among experts. Additionally, rising tone on long vowels is indicated by an unmarked first vowel and an acute accent on the second, vice versa for falling tone:Other differences and similarities among the Southern Athabaskan languages can be observed in the following modified and abbreviated Swadesh list:The practical orthography corresponds to the pronunciation of the Southern Athabaskan languages fairly well (as opposed to the writing systems of English or Vietnamese). However, since the name classifier is one of the few grammatical labels sanctioned by common use among Athabaskanists, it is probably not worth the trouble to try to change it.The asymmetric lack of retroflex fricatives in the Proto-Athabaskan inventory appears as a surprising gap, but Leer argued against them being distinguished from *š and *ž: "In my reconstruction, PA lacked distinctively reflexed *šʳ and *žʳ as opposed to plain *š and *ž". The Apache-Navajo language and the other Athabascan languages belong to an entirely different language family from the Amerindian languages. This section attempts to summarize the less controversial parts of the Proto-Athabaskan sound system.A peculiar proto-phoneme in Proto-Athabaskan is the sound that Krauss (1976b) represents as *$, and which Leer (2005:284) has represented as *šʸ though lately he has since returned to *$ (e.g. Elsewhere, Athabaskan is spoken by many indigenous groups of peoples … Cree is one of the Algonquian languages. Below is a table pairing up the phonetic notation with the orthographic symbol:Additionally, rising tone on long vowels is indicated by an unmarked first vowel and an acute accent on the second. The other dimension is the "D-effect", surfacing as the presence or absence of either vocalization or an alveolar stop.Very little is known about Tsetsaut, and for this reason it is routinely placed in its own tentative subgroup.Branches 1–7 are the Northern Athabaskan (areal) grouping. The Western subgroup consists of Western Apache, Navajo, Mescalero, and Chiricahua. The Western Apache language is a Southern Athabaskan language spoken by over 14,000 of the Western Apaches living primarily in east central Arizona.Goodwin (1938) claims that Western Apache can be divided into five dialect groupings: Cibecue Northern Tonto Southern Tonto Nonetheless, Rice's generalization of the verb template based on various languages in the family is a reasonable approximation of what the structure of the Proto-Athabaskan verb might look like.Kari (1989) offers a rigorous foundation for the position class system that makes up the verb template in Athabaskan languages. For alternative names for the languages, see the classifications given later in this article.The actual verb template of Proto-Athabaskan has not been reconstructed yet, as noted by Vajda (2010:38). This convention has been adopted by some Athabaskanists, but many others use the more common – instead. Speakers of several languages, such as Navajo and Gwich'in, span the boundaries between different states and provinces. Hoijer's proposal is missing several elements which were described in detail later, but Kibrik's is not terribly different from Rice's.The Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie language is debatably part of the Pacific Coast subgroup, but has marginally more in common with the Northern Athabaskan languages than it does with the Pacific Coast languages (Leer 2005). After English and Spanish, Navajo is the most commonly spoken language in the state of Arizona. Comparative vocabulary words from the Athabaskan languages.
Below is a table pairing up the phonetic notation with the orthographic symbol:Other practices may be used in other Apachean languages.IPA equivalents for Western Apache oral vowels:Southern Athabaskan languages generally have a consonant inventory similar to the set of 33 consonants below (based mostly on Western Apache):Southern Athabaskan languages have four vowels of contrasting tongue dimensions (as written in a general "practical" orthography):
Kibrik (1995) and Hoijer (1971) also proposed templates which generalized across a number of Athabaskan languages.
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