David Ben-Gurion, the first Prime Minister, said, “Jewish archeology present-tenses our past and shows our historic continuity in the country.” His Army’s legendary chief of staff, Yigael Yadin, became the country’s leading archeologist. The field was embroiled in debate. The United Monarchy, as it is known, represented the golden age of ancient Israel; though it probably lasted no more than a generation or two, its legacy has persisted for thousands of years. From his roving capital, he oversaw a web of trade relations that stretched from Jordan to Cyprus and beyond—and also imposed taxes on neighboring peoples, setting up levy points along trade routes and threatening war if his men weren’t paid. Three thousand years old. Peering over Gadot’s dig, he told me, “I see a Byzantine building, I see a Roman villa, I see houses from the Second Temple period.” What he doesn’t see is evidence of a palace, or a temple, or a fortified wall, or an inscription, or substantial pottery—anything whatsoever from the early Iron Age period of the United Monarchy.But, within that narrow space, Garfinkel argues, David led an unprecedented political transformation. He met his second wife, Joëlle Cohen, a Parisian émigrée, on a dig in southern Israel. 11 The period that David reigned over Israel was forty years; seven years he reigned in Hebron, and in Jerusalem he reigned thirty-three years. King David, ‘vile human being’ The Biblical hero seems to have been a terrible person, argues Joel S. Baden. “But how ancient?” Garfinkel recalls thinking. His friend Amihai Mazar, a renowned professor of archeology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, wrote that Finkelstein’s conclusions were “premature and unacceptable.” Amnon Ben-Tor, also of the Hebrew University, and long regarded as Yadin’s successor, accused him of employing a “double standard”: citing the Biblical text where it suited him and deploring its use where it did not.Yuval Gadot, who heads the largest active excavation in the City of David, defended his work. Saul, God's first anointed king, pursued David out of mad jealousy for years, but David would not raise a hand against him.David was a shepherd, warrior, and king of Israel. An empire needs administration. (Archeologists derive the date from an inscription on a portal gate in the Egyptian city of Karnak, which lists the military conquests of King Shoshenq—thought to be the same king mentioned in the Bible as Shishak.) Where It All Began.”Garfinkel followed this debate from the sidelines, impatient to join in. At age four, Finkelstein was considered a math prodigy. The maximalists do. 1 Kings 2:10 - 12. “I needed to calm down in every respect” is how he puts it. (“Gallery 1 at the Met is all me,” he told me.) The story of David, Finkelstein added, “is the most central thing in the Bible, and in our culture.”After years of researching the highlands, Finkelstein wanted to take on a site in the lowlands, to see whether social structures emerged differently there. Born in 1891, to Methodist missionaries from Iowa, Albright suffered from extreme myopia—likely the result of typhoid fever in infancy—and a left hand that had been mangled in a farming accident. They cleaned it with soft-bristle brushes, then collected the dirt and sifted it in large mesh screens. But Na’aman told me that he had recently learned of a tiny clay shard, found at the foot of the Temple Mount, that contained sediment from the Nile. He was working on a book called “Living on the Fringe,” which took up questions of human habitation in the ancient southern Levant—particularly Canaan, the site of what is now Israel. He takes over the tribal center of Hebron, and later captures Jerusalem, another hilltop stronghold. But he’s also a person who’s trying to win the game of scholarship. That slope had been known since the early nineteen-hundreds as the City of David, the site of the Biblical capital. In digging for the past, Israeli archeologists are painfully aware of the future: their excavations depend on donors whose interests often lie outside academic research. But that’s how it all went—the salami method.” The most momentous events in the Scriptures were being pared away, one after another. Qeiyafa is too far removed to be an outpost of the northern kingdom. Facebook Twitter Instagram. Where is the empire?”Nadav Na’aman, an authority on Jewish history and a colleague of Finkelstein’s at Tel Aviv University, describes David’s story as “extraordinary fiction.” But he believes that it contains kernels of truth, preserved as the tale was passed down by oral tradition.
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